IB Physics Topic 2 Definitions

A process with no heat transfer, where the system's temperature changes due to compression or expansion

It is the the ratio of reflected power to total incident power

This device measures the current of the circuit over the portion it is in series with

It is the number of particles (6.022 x 10²³) in one mole of a substance

It is one or more connected cells converting chemical energy into electrical energy

It is a perfect emitter, absorber, and radiator

It is the radiation emitted from a black body

A theoretical engine with maximum possible efficiency, operating through adiabatic and isothermal processes

It is the amount of electrical energy it can produce in its lifetime

It is the path a current follows

A constant source of low temperature that absorbs thermal energy from the heat engine

It is the transfer of thermal energy via direct collisions between molecules, thus passing kinetic energy from one molecule to another

It is the movement of thermal energy in a fluid

The cyclical movement of expanding and rising hot and less dense fluid and the condensation and sinking of cold and denser fluid

It is a device that houses an internal chemical reaction that converts chemical energy into electrical energy

It is the total potential difference per unit charge, including the voltage to power the cell and external components

It is the ratio of emission intensity of the object to the emission intensity of a black body

It is the increase in greenhouse effect as a result of human activity

The measure of distribution of available energy among particles, measured in JK^-1mol^-1

It is the increase in Earth's mean temperature

It is the process by which atmospheric gases absorb infrared radiation emitted from Earth and re-emit them back down to warm the atmosphere and Earth's surface

They are the atmospheric gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect

It is the total kinetic energy of all particles in an object

A device that converts thermal energy into work through cyclical processes involving a hot and a cold reservoir

A constant source of high temperature that releases thermal energy to the heat engine

It is an ammeter with zero resistance

It is a gas that follows the gas laws

It is a voltmeter with infinite resistance

It is the total energy of all particles in an object

It is the resistance inside the cell

A process occurring at constant pressure, with changes in volume

A process occurring at constant volume, with changes in pressure

A process occurring at constant temperature, involving heat transfer to maintain the temperature

This device's resistance is dependent on the amount of light shining on it; when light shines on it, its resistance decreases

A specific configuration of particles in a system, with entropy related to the number of possible microstates

The mass of one mole of atoms, expressed as M and measured in g/mol

It is the amount of a substance in terms of the number of particles

It is an ammeter with a constant but non-zero resistance

It is a voltmeter with a constant but finite resistance

It is a device that does not remain at a constant temperature, does not have a current proportaiontl to voltage, and thus a changing resistance

It is a device that remains at a constant temperature, has a current proportional to voltage, and thus a constant resistance

It is a circuit with devices aligned in a branched loop

It is a cell with 100% efficiency in the conversion of chemical to electrical energy

This is a device used in circuits to measure the voltage across a resistor

This device is used as a potential divider, but its resistance must be significantly smaller than any resistor's

It is the energy difference per unit time or energy difference per charge flow

It is the force per unit area of container wall

It is a cell with a non-reversible internal reaction, meaning it is not rechargeable

It is the emission of electromagnetic waves from an object

It is the ratio of potential difference to current

It is the amount of resistance a material has based on its length and cross-sectional area

It is a device with a constant resistance

It is a cell with an internal reaction reversible with electricity, meaning it is rechargeable

It is a circuit with devices aligned in one continuous loop

It is the incident solar intensity above the Earth's surface at a right angle to the rays

The measure of how much energy a unit mass of a substance takes to be raised by 1K/1°C

It is the energy absorbed or released by a kg of a substance during a phase change

It is the energy absorbed by a kg of substance when it changes from solid to liquid

It is the energy absorbed by a kg of substance when it changes from liquid to gas

This device breaks the circuit when it is open, and thus no current runs. When it is closed, it completes the circuit and allows current to run

It is the average kinetic energy of an object's particles

It is the maximum voltage a cell can produce

It is the energy required to raise an object's temperature by 1 K

It is a material that is able to conduct thermal energy well

It is the movement of thermal energy from a hot object to a cold object

It is the state at which two objects are at the same temperature

It is the state of absorbing power at the rate of emission to maintain a constant temperature

It is a material that is not able to conduct thermal energy well

It is the emission of infrared waves from an object

This device’s resistance is dependent on its temperature. Most types decrease in resistance when their temperature increases

This device’s resistance can be manually changed

This device measures the voltage over the portion of a circuit it is parallel with